Matthew 5:22

Wednesday, 27 November 2024

But I say to you that whoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment. And whoever says to his brother, ‘Raca!’ shall be in danger of the council. But whoever says, ‘You fool!’ shall be in danger of hell fire. Matthew 5:22

“And I, I say to you that all the ‘being angry’ to the brother of him groundlessly, he will be liable to the judgment. And whoever, if he shall say to his brother, ‘Raca,’ he will be liable to the Sanhedrin. And whoever, if he shall say, ‘moronic,’ he will be liable to the Gehenna of the fire” (CG).

In the previous verse, Jesus told His disciples that it was said to the ancients, “You shall not murder, and whoever murders will be in danger of the judgment.” He now continues with the higher standard which was not perceived by the ancients, saying, “And I, I say to you.”

Jesus is making an authoritative statement (And I, I say to you) concerning the state of the heart that rests behind murder. If someone murders, it is because there is already something stirring in him, a murderous intent, that causes him to act.

This is why there is a difference within the Law of Moses between a manslayer who kills accidentally and a murderer. For the accidental manslayer, there was the provision of the city of refuge detailed in Numbers 35.

Jesus’ introductory words of this verse form a teaching that expands upon what the ancients had taught. They simply cited the law and gave their evaluation. But Jesus is addressing the issue that leads to the act of murder. That is seen in the words, “that all the ‘being angry’ to the brother of him groundlessly, he will be liable to the judgment.”

In these words, is one word not included in all manuscripts, eiké, groundlessly. In other words, some manuscripts (and thus translations based on those manuscripts) say something like, “But I say to you that everyone being angry with his brother will be liable to the judgment” (BLB).

Whether this word is original or not is hard to determine. Some find it contradictory to leave out the word and then have it recorded that Jesus was angry in Mark 3:5. However, being angry and being angry with one’s brother is not necessarily the same thing. In the case of Jesus’ words now, He is telling them that the state of anger that leads to the act of murder will make one liable to the judgment.

Jesus was angry, being grieved at the state of the hearts of those He was interacting with in Mark 3:5. This doesn’t mean that He had murderous intent. In Ephesians 4:26, a verse citing words from the psalms, it uses the same word translated as angry here, “Be angry and do not sin.”

To suppose that simply being angry would make one liable to the judgment, there would then be a true contradiction in Scripture. Therefore, Jesus is not telling His hearers they cannot be angry. He is telling them that the state of anger towards a brother that could lead to murder is essentially murder, just as the act of coveting that leads to theft is essentially theft.

God is looking at the state of the heart. The actions that follow do not necessarily have to occur for there to be the imputation of sin. This is exactly the reason for the tenth commandment, coveting. We are not to allow our hearts to come to the state where we have the desire to do what may then be acted out. Understanding this, Jesus next says, “And whoever, if he shall say to his brother, ‘Raca,’ he will be liable to the Sanhedrin.”

The vocative noun rhaka is Aramaic. It is found only here in the Bible and it signifies invoking a person as empty or foolish. It is etymologically similar to the word req, empty or vain, that is used in the Hebrew Old Testament. In Judges 9:4, the word is used to describe the worthless or vain followers of Abimelech.

It doesn’t necessarily follow that Jesus is saying that the Sanhedrin would hold a trial for someone calling his brother Raca. Rather, He is still referring to the state of the heart. If someone calls his brother Raca, it is because he has murderous intent in his heart. If he acts out that intent, he will be liable to the Sanhedrin for having committed murder. That is then supplemented by His next words, “And whoever, if he shall say, ‘moronic,’ he will be liable to the Gehenna of the fire.”

The Greek word is the adjective móros. Being an adjective, it refers to the state of a moron, he is moronic. Like calling a brother Raca which can lead to a trial for murder, calling a person moronic will have the same effect. In being a murderer, he can expect not just temporal judgment, but eternal judgment as well. It is the state of the heart that leads to the act that God is evaluating.

As for Gehenna, it is from the Greek geenna. It describes a valley that lies west and south of Jerusalem. Because of the things that occurred there, it became synonymous with the final place of judgment where punishment is eternally meted out to the lost. The name itself is derived from gay [gahee], a valley, and Hinnom, an Old Testament proper name of a person believed to be a Jebusite.

Life application: The state of the heart is being evaluated by God. As noted in the previous commentary, David did things that were violations of the law. And yet, his heart was tender enough to acknowledge his wrongdoings and to be convicted for doing them.

God understands our limitations, and He is aware of our pressure points. We face trials, and our hearts fail in one way or another. But is our heart callous and uncaring when we do wrong, or is it tender enough to feel remorse and a desire to act differently?

Ultimately, God wants our hearts to acknowledge that we have sinned, even if it was only intent that was wrong in His eyes. From there, we can then say, “I know that I cannot save myself. I have been wicked in my heart, sinned in my actions, and I NEED JESUS. I believe that God sent Him to take my place in punishment and to restore me to Him.”

For those who think that law observance will take care of their sinful hearts and wayward actions, they are sorely deceived. This is what Jesus is trying to tell the people. To this day, so many will not pay heed. We don’t need more law. We need God’s grace in the giving of Jesus.

Lord God, understanding the words of Jesus concerning the state of our hearts, we can truly see how greatly we need Him to save us. We fall infinitely short of Your glorious perfection, and without Him, we stand condemned. But because He has come, we can have full restoration with You. Thank You for the wonderful assurance we possess because of Your grace, poured out upon us through Jesus. Amen.